Success in conservative endodontic treatment depends largely on the effectiveness in elimination of the root canal biofilms. Apical root canal is the most challenging area to reach this goal with high enough quality. The first part of the presentation focuses on the reasons for the challenges in the apical root canal, and how these obstacles can be overcome.

The second part of the seminar is an update on irrigation: solutions & equipment. Detailed analysis of conventional and modern, more energy-based equipment will be presented, together with practical recommendations.

Dr. Haapasalo has authored or co-authored over 250 scientific peer reviewed articles (Thomson Reuters 'all databases'; H-index 63, cited 12.000 times) and written chapters in several international endodontic textbooks. He is Editorial Board member of several scientific journals, and a former editor-in-chief of "Endodontic Topics", and a former associate editor of "Journal of Endodontics". Dr. Haapasalo is a reviewer for many peer reviewed journals in medical and dental sciences. In endodontics, his areas of special interest include biofilms, irrigation, persistent infections, resorptions and instrumentation. His research laboratory has trained tens of scientists from all over the world. Dr. Haapasalo is known world wide for his lectures which combine cutting edge science with clinical practice.